Marina Bosi is a Consulting Professor at

Stanford University Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California. The campus occupies , among the largest in the United States, and enrolls over 17,000 students. Stanford is consider ...

Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics Stanford University has many centers and institutes dedicated to the study of various specific topics. These centers and institutes may be within a department, within a school but across departments, an independent laboratory, institute or center ...

(CCRMA). Originally a

flutist The flute is a family of classical music instrument in the woodwind group. Like all woodwinds, flutes are aerophones, meaning they make sound by vibrating a column of air. However, unlike woodwind instruments with Reed (instrument), reeds, a fl ...

and flute teacher, she is known for her work on

digital audio Digital audio is a representation of sound recorded in, or converted into, digital form. In digital audio, the sound wave of the audio signal is typically encoded as numerical samples in a continuous sequence. For example, in CD audio, sa ...

coding formats.

Education

Marina Bosi was born near

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

and raised in

Florence Florence ( ; it, Firenze ) is a city in Central Italy and the capital city of the Tuscany region. It is the most populated city in Tuscany, with 383,083 inhabitants in 2016, and over 1,520,000 in its metropolitan area.Bilancio demografico an ...

. She studied the

flute The flute is a family of classical music instrument in the woodwind group. Like all woodwinds, flutes are aerophones, meaning they make sound by vibrating a column of air. However, unlike woodwind instruments with reeds, a flute is a reedless ...

with

Severino Gazzelloni Severino Gazzelloni, born Severino Gazzellone (5 January 1919 – 21 November 1992) was an Italian flutist. Biography He was born in Roccasecca and died in Cassino. Gazzelloni was the principal flautist with the RAI National Symphony Orchestr ...

, and earned a diploma in the flute at the Conservatory of Music in Florence. She then taught flute at the

Conservatory of Music A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger i ...

in Venice. She later went back to school at the

University of Florence The University of Florence (Italian: ''Università degli Studi di Firenze'', UniFI) is an Italian public research university located in Florence, Italy. It comprises 12 schools and has around 50,000 students enrolled. History The first universi ...

where she graduated with a doctorate in physics. Her dissertation (developed and implemented through research at

IRCAM IRCAM (French: ''Ircam, '', English: Institute for Research and Coordination in Acoustics/Music) is a French institute dedicated to the research of music and sound, especially in the fields of avant garde and electro-acoustical art music. It is ...

in Paris) was “Design of a High-Speed Computer System for the Processing of Musical Sound".

Career

She served as chief technology officer at

MPEG LA MPEG LA is an American company based in Denver, Colorado that licenses patent pools covering essential patents required for use of the MPEG-2, MPEG-4, IEEE 1394, VC-1, ATSC, MVC, MPEG-2 Systems, AVC/H.264 and HEVC standards. History MPEG LA ...

and as a vice president at

Digital Theater Systems DTS, Inc. (originally Digital Theater Systems) is an American company that makes multichannel audio technologies for film and video. Based in Calabasas, California, the company introduced its DTS technology in 1993 as a competitor to Dolby Lab ...

(DTS). At

Dolby Laboratories Dolby Laboratories, Inc. (often shortened to Dolby Labs and known simply as Dolby) is an American company specializing in Noise reduction#In audio, audio noise reduction, Audio data compression, audio encoding/compression, spatial audio, and ...

she helped to develop the AC-2, AC-3, and

MPEG-2 MPEG-2 (a.k.a. H.222/H.262 as was defined by the ITU) is a standard for "the generic video coding format, coding of moving pictures and associated audio information". It describes a combination of Lossy compression, lossy video compression and ...

Advanced Audio Coding Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) is an audio coding standard for lossy digital audio compression. Designed to be the successor of the MP3 format, AAC generally achieves higher sound quality than MP3 encoders at the same bit rate. AAC has been stan ...

technologies. She has also worked on devising standards for audio and video technology and digital content. Bosi was also a part of the research team that created the 5.1 channel Dolby Digital format. Bosi came to the United States to be a visiting scholar at Stanford University's Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA). In the early 1990s, she developed Stanford's first course in digital audio coding, which eventually led to the publication of a textbook in the area. She is a founding member of the Digital Media Project and serves on its board of directors. She is a past president of the

Audio Engineering Society The Audio Engineering Society (AES) is a professional body for engineers, scientists, other individuals with an interest or involvement in the professional audio industry. The membership largely comprises engineers developing devices or products ...

and has received the AES Board of Governors and Fellowship awards. In 2019, Marina Bosi was presented with the AES Silver Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding achievements in the development and standardization of audio and video coding and of secure digital rights management."

Selected publications

* Marina Bosi and Richard E. Goldberg, ''Introduction to Digital Audio Coding and Standards'', 2002. * Marina Bosi ''et al.'', “ISO/IEC MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding”', ''Journal of the Audio Eng. Soc'', October 1997M. Bosi ''et al.''
“ISO/IEC MPEG-2 Advanced Audio Coding”', ''Journal of the Audio Eng. Soc''., Vol. 45, no.10, PP. 789–814, October 1997
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References

Additional sources

Audio Engineering Society: Oral History Project

Course website for Music 422 "Perceptual Audio Coding" at Stanford
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bosi, Marina Year of birth missing (living people) Living people People from Fiorenzuola d'Arda Italian audio engineers MPEG Stanford University Department of Music faculty Women audio engineers Women music educators